domingo, 10 de outubro de 2010

Natália Correia

Dão-nos um lírio e um canivete
e uma alma para ir à escola
mais um letreiro que promete
raízes, hastes e corola

Dão-nos um mapa imaginário
que tem a forma de uma cidade
mais um relógio e um calendário
onde não vem a nossa idade

Dão-nos a honra de manequim
para dar corda à nossa ausência.
Dão-nos um prémio de ser assim
sem pecado e sem inocência

Dão-nos um barco e um chapéu
para tirarmos o retrato
Dão-nos bilhetes para o céu
levado à cena num teatro

Penteiam-nos os crâneos ermos
com as cabeleiras das avós
para jamais nos parecermos
connosco quando estamos sós

Dão-nos um bolo que é a história
da nossa historia sem enredo
e não nos soa na memória
outra palavra que o medo

Temos fantasmas tão educados
que adormecemos no seu ombro
somos vazios despovoados
de personagens de assombro

Dão-nos a capa do evangelho
e um pacote de tabaco
dão-nos um pente e um espelho
pra pentearmos um macaco

Dão-nos um cravo preso à cabeça
e uma cabeça presa à cintura
para que o corpo não pareça
a forma da alma que o procura

Dão-nos um esquife feito de ferro
com embutidos de diamante
para organizar já o enterro
do nosso corpo mais adiante

Dão-nos um nome e um jornal
um avião e um violino
mas não nos dão o animal
que espeta os cornos no destino

Dão-nos marujos de papelão
com carimbo no passaporte
por isso a nossa dimensão
não é a vida, nem é a morte

Natália Correia

quarta-feira, 21 de julho de 2010

Vida

A nuvem de cinzas do vulcão islandês Eyjafjöll, que parou os aeroportos europeus em Abril e Maio, pode ter gerado mais vida no mar, noticiou hoje a BBC News.

Uma equipa de cientistas está a recolher informação para perceber de que forma a erupção vulcânica afectou a biologia marinha no Atlântico Norte, ao ponto de provocar o florescimento de uma enorme quantidade de algas microscópicas.

A um mês de terminar a segunda expedição na região, os investigadores detectaram "níveis elevados" de ferro nas amostras de sedimentos recolhidas do oceano.

"Verificámos alguns níveis elevados [de ferro dissolvido] entre 20 a 40 metros de profundidade. [Isso] pode ser resultado das cinzas vulcânicas, mas temos de verificar melhor, a uma escala maior", assinalou Eric Achterberg, professor da Universidade de Southampton, no Reino Unido, que lidera a equipa de cientistas.

Os investigadores pretendem certificar-se de que as partículas de ferro contidas na nuvem de cinzas vulcânicas entraram no mar e causaram o aparecimento de uma extensa mancha de minúsculos organismos, conhecidos como fitoplâncton, que têm a capacidade de fazer a fotossíntese (processam o dióxido de carbono e produzem
oxigénio).

Para o efeito, estão a recolher amostras de ferro, e de outros nutrientes, das águas e da atmosfera e a monitorizar o crescimento biológico no Atlântico Norte.

A confirmarem-se as suspeitas, o fitoplâncton no Atlântico Norte poderá estar "a processar mais dióxido de carbono do que a quantidade habitual num ano normal", apontou Eric Achterberg.

A equipa de cientistas promete divulgar "dentro de meses" os resultados da investigação.

A expedição, que arrancou, numa primeira fase, na primavera, insere-se num projecto ambiental mais vasto de investigação da eficácia do fitoplâncton na absorção e sequestro de dióxido de carbono em águas profundas.


http://economico.sapo.pt/

sexta-feira, 14 de maio de 2010

Wonder why we don't crash like computers?


SCIENCE AND EDUCATION

Wonder why we don't crash like computers? Yale explains

By Ben Coxworth

16:55 May 11, 2010

The control network of bacterium E Coli,  left, and the Linux operating system, right

Whether right or for wrong, the human brain is often compared to a computer, and vice-versa. They both receive data, process it, store it, and output new data. Unlike computers, however, the human brain doesn’t crash. Yes, people have nervous breakdowns, but that has more to do with psychological stress than with data management. Now, researchers from Yale University have figured out why our brains succeed where computers fail.

The research team compared the genome of E coli bacteria with the Linux operating system. Both of the control networks, it turns out, are arranged in hierarchies. In E coli, the molecular networks are arranged in a pyramid. A limited number of master regulatory genes sit at the top, controlling a wide range of specialized functions beneath them.

By contrast, Linux is more like an inverted pyramid - numerous routines are at the top, controlling a few generic functions at the bottom. This is because software engineers save time and money by building on existing routines, instead of starting systems from scratch. Such an approach makes the system vulnerable to breakdowns, however, as even simple changes to a generic routine can be very disruptive. To minimize problems, the generic components need to be continually fine-tuned by software designers.

The Yale scientists noted that in a living organism, generic components that need to be constantly updated would not be a good survival trait. Instead, over billions of years of evolution, the E coli bacteria has evolved many highly specialized modules. Together, these modules are ready to handle most eventualities, resulting in a much more robust network.

sexta-feira, 30 de abril de 2010

Pele artificial

HEALTH AND WELLBEING

Scientists create artificial skin that stretches like the real thing

By Ben Coxworth

16:27 April 28, 2010

The  University of Granada's fibrin-agarose artificial skin

The University of Granada's fibrin-agarose artificial skin

Scientists at Spain’s University of Granada have created artificial skin with the resistance, firmness and elasticity of real skin. It is the first time artificial skin has been created from fibrin-agarose biomaterial. Fibrin is a protein involved in the clotting of the blood, while agarose is a sugar obtained from seaweed, commonly used to create gels in laboratories. The new material could be used in the treatment of skin problems, and could also replace test animals in dermatological labs.

The researchers started by obtaining plasma samples from human donors, and separating out the fibrin. They then added calcium chloride, to precipitate coagulation, tranexamic acid, to keep the coagulate from breaking down, and 0.1% agarose. The resultant material was grafted onto the backs of hairless mice, where its bio-compatibility with living organisms could be observed.

The mice showed no signs of rejection or infection, and healing of the grafted area began within six days - within 20 days, the wounds were fully healed.

Previously, artificial skin has been made from biomaterials such as collagen, polyglycolic acid, and chitosan. The fibrin-agarose skin, however, looks particularly promising. Prof. Jiménez Rodríguez, one of the researchers, stated "Definitively, we have created a more stable skin with similar functionality to normal human skin."

Living Cell Printing
Live Cell Printing for Cell Assays Living Cell Printing for HCA
www.digilabglobal.com/Printing_Cell

segunda-feira, 19 de abril de 2010

Beyonce & Jay-Z

segunda-feira, 5 de abril de 2010

Ciência em português


por Sandra Pereira, Publicado em 05 de Abril de 2010

A encriptação de dados actual baseia-se em algoritmos quânticos, num código. No caos, a mensagem transmite-se pelo ruído na fibra óptica

Esqueça o código, chegou o caos










Se o bater de asas de uma borboleta no Brasil pode gerar um tornado no Texas, emitir uma mensagem no meio do caos também pode baralhar as pistas de um hacker. Com este pensamento baseado na teoria do caos, ou no "efeito borboleta" do meteorologista Edward Lorenz, Bruno Romeira, investigador na Universidade do Algarve, descobriu como tirar partido do caos para codificar dados na fibra óptica. Em teoria, pelo menos. O prémio de 12500 euros do programa Estímulo à Criatividade 2009 da Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian pode ajudar a criar um protótipo. Com o fenómeno do "phishing" (ataque informático para obter dados confidenciais) a crescer na internet, empresas e governos não olham a meios para proteger informações sigilosas.

É aqui que o sistema de Bruno Romeira pode fazer a diferença face aos actuais softwares de encriptação baseados em algoritmos (quânticos). No modelo de Romeira, há um emissor que emite sinais caóticos ao longo da fibra óptica para um receptor - que pode ser um computador em casa ou no escritório. Se um hacker quiser decifrar a mensagem secreta, terá de sincronizar emissor e receptor, já que neste sistema não há código--chave. A mensagem está dentro do ruído. E é indecifrável. As técnicas de sincronização estão ainda a ser apuradas por Bruno Romeira.

Este sistema "é mais complicado, mas é estável e garante mais confidencialidade do que os quânticos", explica o investigador de 27 anos. As vantagens da encriptação caótica são promissoras: "Tem menos componentes, baixo consumo de energia e é mais barata". "Se correr bem, poderá ser implementado nos escritórios", acrescenta Romeira, que está a trabalhar com a fabricante alemã Siemens.

Bruno Romeira imagina o seu futuro na liderança de um laboratório português. Não acredita que a fuga de cérebros dure para sempre. "Lá fora, é mais fácil obter financiamento, mas em Portugal começam a existir centros de investigação que contratam". O cientista traça um retrato optimista da investigação nacional: "Estamos cada vez mais equipados com massa crítica e começamos a atrair investigadores do exterior. Portugal está a começar a reunir condições para poder avançar na ciência".

E qual é o passo que falta dar para os portugueses se afirmarem? "Passar o potencial académico para as empresas e transformá-lo em produtividade", responde Romeira, acrescentando que o país devia apostar na propriedade intelectual. Quando a encriptação caótica funcionar na perfeição, o jovem promete não deixar escapar a patente.

i


sábado, 3 de abril de 2010

Mistério?

Bureau of Meteorology images show mysterious patterns on radar system

BoM Radar

One of the radar images that show mysterious patterns. Image: Bureau of Meteorology Source: Supplied

BoM Radar

One of the radar images that show mysterious patterns. Image: Bureau of Meteorology Source: Supplied

BoM Radar

One of the radar images that show mysterious patterns. Image: Bureau of Meteorology Source: Supplied

THEY are the digital-age equivalent of crop circles - mysterious patterns appearing on the Bureau of Meteorology's national radar system without any explanation.

And the random images described as red stars, rings of fire and white doughnuts are sending online conspiracy websites into meltdown.

The anomalies first began on January 15 when an "iced doughnut" appeared over Kalgoorlie in WA.

Interference or something else? Tell us in the comment box below.

Satellite imagery showed there was no cloud over the area at the time to explain the unusual phenomenon but farmers' online comments claimed it was "unusually hot" all day.

It was followed by a bizarre red star over Broome on January 22 and a sinister spiral burst over Melbourne described by amateur radar buffs as the Ring Of Fire Fault.

The Bureau, which did not respond to repeated requests for comment, has acknowledged the anomalies on its popular website.

It has since posted a disclaimer above the national loop feed putting the images down to "occasional interference to the radar data".

"The Bureau is currently investigating ways to reduce these interferences," the disclaimer said.

Conspiracy websites, however, have lit up with dozens of breathless theories behind the strange anomalies from alien involvement, secret military testing to government weather modification.

One theory gaining traction online is the belief the US military has expanded its High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program.

Based at a remote research station in Alaska, the HAARP project involves shooting extremely high frequency radar bursts into the upper reaches of the atmosphere to see what happens after particles of the ionosphere are temporarily excited.

Ostensibly the research is to study the effects of solar flares on radio communications and improve missile detection and navigation systems.

But, unlike the failed cloud seeding experiments of yesteryear, conspiracy theorists claim HAARP is engaged in a sophisticated form of weather modification and that testing is also being done from a secret facility near Exmouth in Western Australia.

UK electrical engineer and crop circle expert Colin Andrews said Australians deserve an explanation.

"Until [the Bureau of Meteorology] make a formal and complete response to all the various strange patterns, one can only speculate about what is taking place," he said.

Mr Andrews urged people concerned by the bizarre radar symbols and strange weather patterns to contact the Bureau of Meteorology or a government representative.

Another theory suggests the anomalies appear before major weather events such as cyclones Olga and Paul and the violent storms which hit Victoria in recent weeks.

Others argue objects in the atmosphere emitting powerful radiation could be behind the mystery.

http://www.news.com.au/

terça-feira, 30 de março de 2010

CERN

LHC research programme gets underway

Geneva, 30 March 2010. Beams collided at 7 TeV in the LHC at 13:06 CEST, marking the start of the LHC research programme. Particle physicists around the world are looking forward to a potentially rich harvest of new physics as the LHC begins its first long run at an energy three and a half times higher than previously achieved at a particle accelerator.

“It’s a great day to be a particle physicist,” said CERN1 Director General Rolf Heuer. “A lot of people have waited a long time for this moment, but their patience and dedication is starting to pay dividends.”

“With these record-shattering collision energies, the LHC experiments are propelled into a vast region to explore, and the hunt begins for dark matter, new forces, new dimensions and the Higgs boson,” said ATLAS collaboration spokesperson, Fabiola Gianotti. “The fact that the experiments have published papers already on the basis of last year’s data bodes very well for this first physics run.”

“We’ve all been impressed with the way the LHC has performed so far,” said Guido Tonelli, spokesperson of the CMS experiment, “and it’s particularly gratifying to see how well our particle detectors are working while our physics teams worldwide are already analysing data. We’ll address soon some of the major puzzles of modern physics like the origin of mass, the grand unification of forces and the presence of abundant dark matter in the universe. I expect very exciting times in front of us.”

"This is the moment we have been waiting and preparing for", said ALICE spokesperson Jürgen Schukraft. "We're very much looking forward to the results from proton collisions, and later this year from lead-ion collisions, to give us new insights into the nature of the strong interaction and the evolution of matter in the early Universe."

“LHCb is ready for physics,” said the experiment’s spokesperson Andrei Golutvin, “we have a great research programme ahead of us exploring the nature of matter-antimatter asymmetry more profoundly than has ever been done before.”

CERN will run the LHC for 18-24 months with the objective of delivering enough data to the experiments to make significant advances across a wide range of physics channels. As soon as they have "re-discovered" the known Standard Model particles, a necessary precursor to looking for new physics, the LHC experiments will start the systematic search for the Higgs boson. With the amount of data expected, called one inverse femtobarn by physicists, the combined analysis of ATLAS and CMS will be able to explore a wide mass range, and there’s even a chance of discovery if the Higgs has a mass near 160 GeV. If it’s much lighter or very heavy, it will be harder to find in this first LHC run.

For supersymmetry, ATLAS and CMS will each have enough data to double today’s sensitivity to certain new discoveries. Experiments today are sensitive to some supersymmetric particles with masses up to 400 GeV. An inverse femtobarn at the LHC pushes the discovery range up to 800 GeV.

“The LHC has a real chance over the next two years of discovering supersymmetric particles,” explained Heuer, “and possibly giving insights into the composition of about a quarter of the Universe.”

Even at the more exotic end of the LHC’s potential discovery spectrum, this LHC run will extend the current reach by a factor of two. LHC experiments will be sensitive to new massive particles indicating the presence of extra dimensions up to masses of 2 TeV, where today’s reach is around 1 TeV.

“Over 2000 graduate students are eagerly awaiting data from the LHC experiments,” said Heuer. “They’re a privileged bunch, set to produce the first theses at the new high-energy frontier.”

Following this run, the LHC will shutdown for routine maintenance, and to complete the repairs and consolidation work needed to reach the LHC’s design energy of 14 TeV following the incident of 19 September 2008. Traditionally, CERN has operated its accelerators on an annual cycle, running for seven to eight months with a four to five month shutdown each year. Being a cryogenic machine operating at very low temperature, the LHC takes about a month to bring up to room temperature and another month to cool down. A four-month shutdown as part of an annual cycle no longer makes sense for such a machine, so CERN has decided to move to a longer cycle with longer periods of operation accompanied by longer shutdown periods when needed.

“Two years of continuous running is a tall order both for the LHC operators and the experiments, but it will be well worth the effort,” said Heuer. “By starting with a long run and concentrating preparations for 14 TeV collisions into a single shutdown, we’re increasing the overall running time over the next three years, making up for lost time and giving the experiments the chance to make their mark.”

More information

http://cern.ch/press/lhc-first-physics/

Contact

CERN Press Office, press.office@cern.ch
+41 22 767 34 32
+41 22 767 21 41

1.CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is the world's leading laboratory for particle physics. It has its headquarters in Geneva. At present, its Member States are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. India, Israel, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United States of America, Turkey, the European Commission and UNESCO have Observer status.


Début du programme de recherche du LHC

Genève, le 30 mars 2010. À 13h06, des faisceaux sont entrés en collision à une énergie de 7 TeV, donnant ainsi le coup d’envoi au programme de recherche du LHC. Dans le monde entier, des physiciens des particules se préparent à une moisson potentiellement riche de données de nouvelle physique ; le LHC entame en effet sa première longue période d'exploitation à une énergie trois fois et demie supérieure aux énergies atteintes précédemment dans un accélérateur de particules.

« C’est un grand jour pour les physiciens des particules, déclare Rolf Heuer, directeur général du CERN1. Nombreux sont ceux qui attendent ce moment depuis longtemps, et leur patience et leur persévérance ont fini par payer. »

« Avec ces énergies de collision record, les expériences LHC vont pouvoir aborder une vaste région à explorer ; on va commencer à traquer la matière noire, les nouvelles forces et les nouvelles dimensions, ainsi que le boson de Higgs, indique Fabiola Gianotti, porte-parole de la collaboration ATLAS. Le fait que les expériences aient déjà publié des articles sur la base des données enregistrées l’an passé est de très bon augure pour cette première période d’expérimentation. »

« Nous avons tous été impressionnés par les performances du LHC à ce jour, souligne Guido Tonelli, porte-parole de l’expérience CMS. Il est particulièrement gratifiant de constater à quel point nos détecteurs fonctionnent bien. Nos équipes de physiciens, dans le monde entier, analysent déjà les données. Nous allons bientôt nous attaquer à certaines grandes énigmes de la physique moderne comme l’origine de la masse, la grande unification des forces et la présence abondante de matière noire dans l’Univers. Nous devons nous attendre à vivre des moments exceptionnels. »

« C’est le moment que nous attendons et auquel nous nous préparons depuis longtemps, déclare Jürgen Schukraft, porte-parole d’ALICE. Nous comptons beaucoup sur les résultats des collisions de protons et, plus tard dans l’année, des collisions d’ions lourds, pour arriver à mieux comprendre la nature de l’interaction forte et l’évolution de la matière dans l’Univers primordial. »

« LHCb est prête pour la physique, souligne Andreï Golutvin, porte-parole de l’expérience. Un grand programme de recherche nous attend. Il nous permettra d’étudier en profondeur la nature de l’asymétrie entre matière et antimatière. »

Le CERN exploitera le LHC sur une période allant de 18 à 24 mois, avec pour objectif de fournir aux expériences suffisamment de données pour réaliser des avancées notables via des branches très diverses de la physique. Dès qu’elles auront « redécouvert » les particules de l’actuel modèle standard, préalable indispensable à l’étude d’une nouvelle physique, les expériences LHC partiront à la recherche systématique du boson de Higgs. Grâce à la quantité de données attendues (1 fb-1 dans le jargon des physiciens), la combinaison des données obtenues par ATLAS et CMS permettra d’explorer un large domaine de masses, et il y aura une chance bien réelle de découverte si la masse du Higgs avoisine les 160 GeV. Si la particule est beaucoup plus légère ou beaucoup plus lourde, il sera difficile de la découvrir pendant cette première période d'expérimentation.

S’agissant de la supersymétrie, ATLAS et CMS disposeront chacune de suffisamment de données pour multiplier par deux la sensibilité actuelle aux nouvelles découvertes. Aujourd’hui, les expériences sont sensibles à certaines particules supersymétriques dont les masses vont jusqu’à 400 GeV. Le LHC, avec 1fb-1, va permettre d’aller jusqu’à 800 GeV.

« Le LHC a de bonnes chances de découvrir au cours des deux années à venir des particules supersymétriques, explique Rolf Heuer, ce qui pourrait nous permettre de mieux comprendre de quoi est constitué environ un quart de l’Univers. »

Et même à l’autre extrémité – plus exotique – du spectre des découvertes possibles, cette première période d’exploitation du LHC doublera notre potentiel de découvertes. Les expériences LHC seront sensibles à de nouvelles particules massives indiquant la présence de nouvelles dimensions et ayant des masses allant jusqu’à 2 TeV (contre 1 TeV actuellement).

« Plus de 2000 doctorants attendent avec impatience des données des expériences LHC, souligne Rolf Heuer. Ils auront le privilège de rédiger les premières thèses à la nouvelle frontière des hautes énergies. »

À l’issue de cette période d’exploitation, le LHC sera arrêté pour que l’on puisse procéder aux opérations de maintenance usuelles et terminer les réparations et les travaux de consolidation requis suite à l’incident survenu le 19 septembre 2008 pour pouvoir atteindre l’énergie nominale de 14 TeV. Jusqu’à présent, les accélérateurs du CERN fonctionnaient selon un cycle annuel : ils étaient exploités pendant sept à huit mois et arrêtés quatre à cinq mois chaque année. Étant donné que le LHC est une machine cryogénique fonctionnant à très basse température, il lui faut environ un mois pour être ramené à température ambiante et un autre mois pour être refroidi. Un arrêt de quatre mois dans le cadre d'un cycle annuel ne se justifie donc plus. C’est la raison pour laquelle le CERN a décidé de passer à un cycle plus long avec des périodes de fonctionnement plus longues et des arrêts eux aussi plus longs en cas de besoin.

« Deux années d’exploitation continue ne seront pas de tout repos pour les opérateurs du LHC et les expériences, mais le jeu en vaudra bien la chandelle, précise Rolf Heuer. En commençant par une longue période d’exploitation et en concentrant sur une seule période d’arrêt la préparation des collisions à 14 TeV, nous augmentons la durée d’exploitation totale au cours des trois années à venir. Ainsi, nous pourrons rattraper le temps perdu et donner toutes leurs chances aux expériences d’imprimer leur marque. »

http://webcast.cern.ch/lhcfirstphysics/

terça-feira, 23 de março de 2010

Joelhos e ligamentos

Biodegradable bone screw cuts down need for surgery

By Darren Quick

21:35 March 22, 2010

From the left: interferential  screws made of polylactic acid, hydroxylapatite and medical ...

From the left: interferential screws made of polylactic acid, hydroxylapatite and medical stainless steel (Image: Fraunhofer IFAM)

Knee ligament damage is an injury all to common to sportsmen and women. The solution usually involves replacing the torn ligament with a piece of tendon from the leg, which is fixed to the bone by means of a titanium or stainless steel screw. Unfortunately, after a certain time another surgery is required to remove them. Now researchers have developed a screw that is bio-compatible and also biodegradable over time, making this second surgery unnecessary.

Biodegradable screws made of polylactic acid are already used in the medical field, but they have the disadvantage that when they degrade they can leave holes in the bone.

The researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Applied Materials Research (IFAM) in Bremen developed a moldable composite made of polylactic acid and hydroxylapatite, a ceramic which is the main constituent of the bone mineral. This composite promotes the growth of bone into the implant. Depending on the composition the screws will biodegrade in 24 months.

The screws can be precision made using conventional injection molding methods, meaning there's no need for any post-processing such as milling.

Another advantage of the composite material is that it can be compressed at just 140 degrees Celsius – normally the powder injection mold has to be compressed at much higher temperatures of up to 1400 degrees Celsius.

The team says these screws are close to the properties of real bone. The prototype has a compressive strength of more than 130 newtons per square millimeter. Real bone can withstand between 130 and 180.

The researchers intend to develop other bioimplants using the same energy-saving process.

Arte

domingo, 21 de março de 2010

#12 colinas azuis

sábado, 20 de março de 2010

Manipulation mentale

La recherche en mal de budgets


Manipulation mentale : peut mieux faire !


En moins d’un siècle, les techniques de contrôle mental ont progressé plus qu’aucun autre domaine de la psychologie. On ne doit pourtant pas en féliciter les pouvoirs publics ni les institutions universitaires et les grandes écoles, mais au contraire, déplorer le fait que l’industrie seule semble avoir à cœur de faire progresser le domaine. Retour sur l’odyssée d’une discipline mal-aimée.

Les recherches menées après guerre par des psychologues sociaux ou des psychiatres comme Louis Jolyon West, Stanley Milgram, Margaret Singer ou encore Robert Jay Lifton, sont tout à fait passionnantes, mais elle viennent bien tard, car à l’époque, le Raspoutine mondain des années folles, Georges Gurdjieff, en connaissait et en appliquait déjà l’essentiel.
Il est probable que cet homme ne savait pas écrire lui-même (il couvrait des pages entières d’une « écriture secrète » qui ressemblait terriblement aux imitations d’écriture que dessinent les enfants avant de savoir former les lettres), mais un de ses disciples, Ouspensky, a mis noir sur blanc et en détails l’avancement des recherches de Gurdjieff. Il l’a cependant fait en se refusant à bien séparer le dogme ésotérique farfelu des techniques avancées et systématiques mises en œuvre. Il faut dire que le dogme, loin de relever du seul folklore, est un des outils de la manipulation et que ces ouvrages n’ont pas été rédigés à des fins scientifiques mais dans un but nettement prosélyte, ce qui rend leur lecture un peu pénible pour qui n’a pas l’intention de devenir disciple. Pour certains, Gurdjieff est un misérable qui n’a pas hésité à ruiner ses adeptes, par avidité et par goût du pouvoir, et même, à en laisser mourir certains - Katherine Mansfield et René Daumal auraient sans doute vécu plus vieux sans les « traitements » infligés par le mage arménien qui prétendait guérir la tuberculose par l’ivresse alcoolique. Non content de ruiner des vies, il a exigé et obtenu de ses victimes qu’elles lui restent reconnaissantes et dévouées jusqu’au dernier caillot de sang qu’elles ont craché à sa santé... Cette manière de présenter Gurdjieff est un point de vue possible. Mais ce n’est pas le seul, car le bonhomme s’avère aussi être un formidable chercheur, un extraordinaire promoteur de la connaissance de l’humain par l’humain, un véritable scientifique, comme en témoigne la célèbre phrase qu’a dit le gourou à son ami C.S. Nott en 1931, en résumant ses années de travail : “ J’avais besoin de rats pour mes expériences ”.
Ce ne sont évidemment pas ses ridicules théories comme celle de l’Ennéagramme (très à la mode dans le domaine des stages d’entreprise) qui forcent l’admiration dans le travail de Gurdjieff, mais sa pratique empirique et instinctive (quoiqu’inspirée de gourous orientaux et, peut-être, de groupes évangélistes fanatiques) du contrôle mental. Avec ce praticien surdoué, la science fait un bond en avant et l’amateurisme des Témoins de Jéhovah, des anthroposophes et autres rosicruciens est rapidement oublié.

...Des résultats étonnants...
À l’époque où la psychologie sociale se penche sur la manipulation mentale, l’opinion publique a déjà découvert les résultats étonnants obtenus par les armées chinoises et coréennes sur des prisonniers de guerre soumis à un « lavage de cerveau » (l’expression se popularise à l’époque). Les services secrets russes, sud-coréens, américains, et bien d’autres, consacreront à leur tour d’importants budgets, parfois occultes et financés par le trafic de drogue (substances utiles à la recherche sur le cerveau et la volonté), à l’étude de ces phénomènes qui, une fois compris, leur permettront d’ailleurs de manipuler des groupes politiques ou religieux, d’endoctriner des terroristes, de contrôler des personnages publics importants, et autres applications utiles.

L’histoire ne s’arrête pas là et commence à intéresser des entrepreneurs : Lafayette Ron Hubbard, sans doute le plus célèbre d’entre eux, crée une méthode d’analyse psychologique basée sur une sorte de détecteur de mensonge, la « Dianétique », qui s’avère être une escroquerie dans son domaine de départ — la psychothérapie — mais qui se révèle extraordinairement au point pour vider les comptes bancaires, notamment sous le masque d’une religion ou d’une ONG, statuts fiscalement avantageux et garantissant certaines libertés face aux lois dans de nombreux pays. Le résultat laisse en effet songeur : on estime que le coût total d’une initiation scientologue revient à un demi-million de dollars, un record indépassable dans le domaine de la vente pyramidale — le modèle économique le plus adapté pour décrire cette organisation. Or au terme de cette série de stages, l’adepte est suffisamment vidé de toute capacité à réfléchir par lui-même qu’il est encore heureux qu’on lui livre les grands secrets de son organisation, pourtant disponibles sur Internet sans bourse délier et d’une bouffonnerie science-fictionnesque achevée (en résumé : le tyran intergalactique Xenu a envoyé sur terre des extraterrestres congelés il y a 75 millions d’années et les aurait fait exploser dans des volcans avec des bombes atomiques. Décidés à se réfugier dans les âmes (« thétans ») des terriens, ces êtres malfaisants seraient la cause de tous nos problèmes psychologiques). Dans d’autres créneaux, des chercheurs extraordinaires (Maharishi Mahesh, Claude Vorilhon, David Berg, David Koresh, Luc Jouret, Norman William, Jim Jones, et des centaines d’autres), poussent leur art à un degré de raffinement jamais atteint, explorant toutes les techniques possibles et imaginables.
Malheureusement, pour des raisons légales ou par égoïsme, ces chercheurs conservent l’exclusivité du fruit de leurs travaux et ne publient pas d’écrits théoriques exploitables par des chercheurs universitaires.

...Le progrès peut être partagé par tous...
C’est peut-être à ce stade que la recherche publique a un rôle à jouer. En dehors des armées et des services de contre-espionnage, les états se refusent à cautionner ce type d’expérimentations. Or de telles techniques peuvent profiter à l’économie de marché et donc, à chacun de nous. Songez : qui ne s’est jamais retrouvé face à un conseiller bancaire, à un agent immobilier, à un garagiste ou à un plombier, à accepter des produits inadaptés, soutenus par des arguments irrationnels mais suffisamment autoritaires ?... Ces techniques pourtant n’évoluent guère. Songeons aux profits formidables que feraient les banques ou les agences immobilières si elles décidaient des passer à une vitesse supérieure ! Il suffit de constater l’extraordinaire réussite de l’église de scientologie à ce sujet : bien que ses comptes soient tenus secrets, l’étalage de ses possessions matérielles (dans le domaine immobilier ou maritime) est suffisamment éloquent.
Et que dire des grandes religions traditionnelles, qui gagneraient tant à s’inspirer des méthodes de petits groupes plus agressifs ? Alors que les prêtres catholiques se contentent de boire un triste vin de messe chaque dimanche, sans le partager avec leurs paroissiens, des millions d’adeptes de nouvelles religions sont éblouis par les effets de psychotropes exotiques tels que l’ayahuasca et autres ibogas aux effets bien supérieurs : pas de crise des vocations ou des conversions avec de tels outils !

On se rappellera au passage d’une citation de James Redfield, dans La prophétie des Andes (The Celestine Prophecy), ouvrage que certains considèrent comme la Bible du mouvement « New-Age » : “ Nous voyons des gens comme ça de temps à autre ici, pas seulement des scientifiques, mais des simples curieux, qui ne comprennent pas le premier mot de ce que nous faisons...ce qui en dit long sur la difficulté que nous avons à nous comprendre entre scientifiques! ”

De nombreux gouvernements occidentaux ont récemment assoupli leurs rapports avec les « nouveaux mouvements religieux » (sectes), principaux promoteurs et usagers des techniques de manipulation mentale : exonérations fiscales, abandons de poursuites, abandon des tracasseries policières, etc.,... Le début d’une nouvelle coopération et d’une nouvelle impulsion ? On ne peut que le souhaiter et réclamer un rapprochement entre les universités publiques et l’industrie.

http://scientistsofamerica.com/

Écouter de la musique R’n’B

Le téléphone portable serait hors de cause

Écouter de la musique R’n’B provoque des tumeurs cérébrales


Bien que cette version ait été officiellement tue par respect pour le secteur économique émergent des télécommunications, la communauté scientifique a longtemps attribué la vertigineuse augmentation du nombre de tumeurs cérébrales, notamment chez les jeunes, à l’usage du téléphone portable. La prestigieuse revue The New Auditionist propose une explication inattendue au phénomène : si le nombre de tumeurs du cerveau a été multiplié par quatre en dix ans, ce n’est pas à cause des système de communication mobile, c’est à cause de la musique R’n’B.

Justin Timberlake, R. Kelly et Rihanna seraient-ils à l’origine d’une des pires catastrophes sanitaires depuis l’épidémie d’encéphalite spongiforme bovine ? On est en droit de se poser la question. En effet, la courbe de l’augmentation du nombre de tumeurs cérébrales chez les jeunes, qui a subitement augmenté à la fin des années 1990 et n’a cessé de le faire depuis, est strictement parallèle à la courbe du nombre de titres de musique R’n’B mis sur le marché.
Le R’n’B est un genre musical récent assimilé à tort au « Rythm’n’blues », bien plus ancien et que l’on peut décrire comme étant la version noire américaine du « Rock’n’roll ». Le Rythm’n’blues est le genre musical auquel on peut rattacher Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Ike et Tina Turner ou encore le regretté Isaac Hayes.
Le R’n’B, bien plus récent donc, est né au milieu des années 1990 de la fusion du « Funk », de la « dance music », de la « soul music » et du « Hip-Hop ». Au premier abord, les deux genres musicaux semblent liés, mais ce n’est pas le cas et les chiffres en sont la preuve.
Le premier chercheur à s’être intéressé au phénomène, Larry Brenston, professeur de musique francophone à la faculté d’études musicologiques de Pasadena, s’est tout d’abord lancé sur une fausse piste : “ J’ai tout de suite pensé que la faute incombait aux paroles des chansons de R’n’B, qui sont très particulières, d’un mièvrerie extravagante et truffées de rimes ridicules. Mais en fait concernait presque exclusivement le R’n’B francophone et ne pouvait suffire à expliquer le problème. ”
La France fait en effet partie des pays qui se trouvent à l’avant-garde du mouvement musical R’n’B avec des artistes tels que Lââm, M Pokora, Shy’m, Ophélie Winter ou encore le groupe Tragédie.
Si ce n’était les paroles (explication neuropsychologique), c’était la musique (mécanisme neuromécanique). Un acousticien renommé s’est penché méthodiquement sur chacune des composantes d’un morceau musical : son rythme, sa mélodie, son timbre, ses harmonies et ses dynamiques. C’est bien sur ce dernier point que le R’n’B se distingue des autres genres musicaux. En effet, les producteurs d’albums de R’n’B ont pris l’habitude d’effectuer sur les morceaux qu’ils réalisent ce que l’on nomme une « compression dynamique », c’est à dire une atténuation du contraste acoustique à l’intérieur d’un morceau. Fréquences hautes et fréquences basses sont ramenées à un même niveau sonore, arasées, ce qui pose de nombreux problèmes tels que le besoin irrésistible, chez l’auditeur, de monter le son, ce qui n’arrange d’ailleurs rien. Bombardées de vibrations sonores de niveaux extrêmement égales, les oreilles, qui ne sont pas conçues pour cela, sont épuisées mais incapables de comprendre l’origine de l’agression dont elles sont victimes. Sans défenses, elles passent alors le relai au cerveau qui active un mécanisme de défense dans certaines zones bien précises. Cela ne fonctionne pas du tout et la situation ne peut alors qu’empirer, provoquant une prolifération anormale des cellules, ce que dans le langage courant les spécialistes nomment « tumeur ».

...Le R’n’B n’est pas très malin...
Fort heureusement, les affections provoquées par ce phénomène mécanico-acoustiques ne sont, le plus souvent, pas de nature maligne, c’est à dire que leur prolifération reste localisée et qu’une opération est possible. Il est dans ces cas possible de procéder à une ablation chirurgicale dans des conditions aujourd’hui extrêmement bien maîtrisées par le monde médical.
“ Opérer est souvent inévitable... ”, explique un médecin célèbre qui a préféré s’exprimer sous couvert d’anonymat “ ... mais la sécurité sociale ferait bien des économies en confisquant aux jeunes gens leurs lecteurs mp3 et en leur interdisant d’écouter les ritournelles de Usher, Alicia Keys et Beyoncé ! ”
De son côté, le syndicat français des producteurs de musique R’n’B prend acte de ces nouveaux éléments et promet de chercher des solutions pour l’avenir, afin de développer ce que certains nomment déjà un « public durable » mais recommande à ses ministères de tutelle (ministère de la culture et ministère de la santé) de ne pas prendre de mesures unilatérales, rappelant dans son communiqué que, je cite, “ des emplois sont en jeu ”.

http://scientistsofamerica.com/

sábado, 13 de março de 2010

sexta-feira, 12 de março de 2010

Rainer Maria Rilke

Letter One
Paris
February 17, 1903

Dear Sir,

Your letter arrived just a few days ago. I want to thank you for the great confidence you have placed in me. That is all I can do. I cannot discuss your verses; for any attempt at criticism would be foreign to me. Nothing touches a work of art so little as words of criticism : they always result in more or less fortunate misunderstandings. Things aren't all so tangible and sayable as people would usually have us believe; most experiences are unsayable, they happen in a space that no word has ever entered, and more unsayable than all other things are works of art, those mysterious existences, whose life endures beside our own small, transitory life.

With this note as a preface, may I just tell you that your verses have no style of their own, although they do have silent and hidden beginnings of something personal. I feel this most clearly in the last poem, "My Soul." There, something of your own is trying to become word and melody. And in the lovely poem "To Leopardi" a kind of kinship with that great, solitary figure does perhaps appear. Nevertheless, the poems are not yet anything in themselves, not yet anything independent, even the last one and the one to Leopardi. Your kind letter, which accompanied them, managed to make clear to me various faults that I felt in reading your verses, though I am not able to name them specifically.

You ask whether your verses are an y good. You ask me. You have asked others before this. You send them to magazines. You compare them with other poems, and you are upset when certain editors reject your work. Now (since you have said you want my advice) I beg you to stop doing that sort of thing. You are looking outside, and that is what you should most avoid right now. No one can advise or help you - no one. There is only one thing you should do. Go into yourself. Find out the reason that commands you to write; see whether it has spread its roots into the very depths of your heart; confess to yourself whether you would have to die if you were forbidden to write. This most of all: ask yourself in the most silent hour of your night: must I write? Dig into yourself for a deep answer. And if this answer rings out in assent, if you meet this solemn question with a strong, simple "I must," then build your life in accordance with this necessity; your while life, even into its humblest and most indifferent hour, must become a sign and witness to this impulse. Then come close to Nature. Then, as if no one had ever tried before, try to say what you see and feel and love and lose. Don't write love poems; avoid those forms that are too facile and ordinary: they are the hardest to work with, and it takes great, fully ripened power to create something individual where good, even glorious, traditions exist in abundance. So rescue yourself from these general themes and write about what your everyday life offers you; describe your sorrows and desires, the thoughts that pass through your mind and your belief in some kind of beauty - describe all these with heartfelt, silent, humble sincerity and, when you express yourself, use the Things around you, the images from your dreams, and the objects that you remember. If your everyday life seems poor, don't blame it; blame yourself; admit to yourself that you are not enough of a poet to call forth its riches; because for the creator there is not poverty and no poor, indifferent place. And even if you found yourself in some prison, whose walls let in none of the world's sounds - wouldn't you still have your childhood, that jewel beyond all price, that treasure house of memories? Turn your attentions to it. Try to raise up the sunken feelings of this enormous past; your personality will grow stronger, your solitude will expand and become a place where you can live in the twilight, where the noise of other people passes by, far in the distance. - And if out of this turning-within, out of this immersion in your own world, poems come, then you will not think of asking anyone whether they are good or not. Nor will you try to inte4rest magazines in these works: for you will see them as your dear natural possession, a piece of your life, a voice from it. A work of art is good if it has arisen out of necessity. That is the only way one can judge it. So, dear Sir, I can't give you any advice but this: to go into yourself and see how deep the place is from which your life flows; at its source you will find the answer to the question whether you must create. Accept that answer, just as it is given to you, without trying to interpret it. Perhaps you will discover that you are called to be an artist. Then take the destiny upon yourself, and bear it, its burden and its greatness, without ever asking what reward might come from outside. For the creator must be a world for himself and must find everything in himself and in Nature, to whom his whole life is devoted.

But after this descent into yourself and into your solitude, perhaps you will have to renounce becoming a poet (if, as I have said, one feels one could live without writing, then one shouldn't write at all). Nevertheless, even then, this self-searching that I as of you will not have been for nothing. Your life will still find its own paths from there, and that they may be good, rich, and wide is what I wish for you, more than I can say

What else can I tell you? It seems to me that everything has its proper emphasis; and finally I want to add just one more bit of advice: to keep growing, silently and earnestly, through your while development; you couldn't disturb it any more violently than by looking outside and waiting for outside answers to question that only your innermost feeling, in your quietest hour, can perhaps answer.

It was a pleasure for me to find in your letter the name of Professor Horacek; I have great reverence for that kind, learned man, and a gratitude that has lasted through the years. Will you please tell him how I feel; it is very good of him to still think of me, and I appreciate it.

The poems that you entrusted me with I am sending back to you. And I thank you once more for your questions and sincere trust, of which, by answering as honestly as I can, I have tried to make myself a little worthier than I, as a stranger, really am.

Yours very truly,
Rainer Maria Rilke

clouds



Kumi Yamashita

memória

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/memory/

profecia

Remote viewing Tibetan monks see Extra Terrestrial powers saving the World from destroying itself in 2012
N.K. Subramanium, Special Correspondent
December 26, 2004

Remote viewing is nothing new in Tibetan monasteries. For thousands of years remote viewing in the middle of other spiritual activities have dominated Tibetan culture. What some Indian tourists came to learn from a few Tibetan monasteries under the current Chinese rule is extremely alarming and fascinating.

According to these tourists remote viewers are seeing world powers in the course of self-destruction. They also see that the world will not be destroyed. Between now and 2012 the world super powers will continue to engage in regional wars. Terrorism and covert war will be the main problem. In world politics something will happen in and around 2010. At that time the world powers will threaten to destroy each other.

Between 2010 and 2012, the whole world will get polarized and prepare for the ultimate dooms day. Heavy political maneuvers and negotiations will take place with little progress.

In 2012, the world will start plunging into a total destructive nuclear war.

And at that time something remarkable will happen, says, Buddhist monk of Tibet. Supernatural divine powers will intervene. The destiny of the world is not to self-destruct at this time.

Scientific interpretation of the monks� statements makes it evident that the Extra Terrestrial powers are watching us every step of the way. They will intervene in 2012 and save the world from self-destruction.

When asked about recent UFO sightings in India and China, the monks smiled and said the divine powers are watching us all. Mankind cannot and will not be allowed to alter the future to that great extent.

Every human being though their current acts in life called �Karma� can alter the future lives to some extent, but changing the destiny in that large extent will not be allowed to that great an extent.

Monks also mentioned that beyond 2012 our current civilization would understand that the final frontier of science and technology is in area of spirituality and not material physics and chemistry. Beyond 2012, out technologies will take a different direction. People will learn the essence of spirituality, the relation between body and the soul, the reincarnation and the fact we are connected with each other are all part of �God�.

In India and China UFO sightings have increased in many folds. Many say the Chinese and Indian Governments are being contacted by the Extra Terrestrials.

In recent days most UFO activities have been seen in those countries who have indigenously developed Nuke capabilities.

When asked if these extra-terrestrials will show up in reality in 2012, the answers remote viewers are giving is: they will reveal themselves in such a way that none of us scared. They will reveal themselves only if they have to. As our science and technology progresses, we are destined to see them and interact with them any way.

According to the remote viewers, our earth is blessed and is being saved continuously from all kinds of hazards all the time that we are not even aware of. As our technologies progress we will realize how external forces saved us.

quinta-feira, 11 de março de 2010

quinta-feira, 4 de março de 2010

L'homme qui plantait des arbres (The man who planted trees) - 27 Translation(s) | dotSUB

L'homme qui plantait des arbres (The man who planted trees) - 27 Translation(s) | dotSUB

Alzheimer

Investigação

Descoberto novo potencial na vinca para combater Alzheimer

04 | 03 | 2010 09.25H

Uma equipa de cientistas da Universidade do Porto descobriu um novo potencial terapêutico na raiz da planta vinca, que pode vir a ser utilizado como fármaco no combate ao Alzheimer, anunciou hoje aquela instituição de ensino superior.

Destak/Lusa | destak@destak.pt

A equipa de investigação, constituída por elementos da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto (no âmbito do laboratório associado REQUIMTE) e do Instituto de Biologia e Medicina Celular/Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (IBMC.INEB), publicou os resultados do trabalho na revista científica "Phytomedicine".

Segundo explicou à Lusa a investigadora Mariana Sottomayor - que juntamente com Paula Andrade liderou o grupo de trabalho - a vinca é uma "planta medicinal que já é utilizada há muitos anos e que foi muito estudada", sendo dela extraídos alcaloides que são utilizados na quimioterapia para tratamento do cancro".

"O grupo de trabalho decidiu fazer uma reavaliação da planta já que esta também tinha muitas aplicações na medicina tradicional e não estava ainda esgotada", acrescentou a investigadora do Instituto de Biologia e Medicina Celular.

Segundo Mariana Sottomayor, o grupo de trabalho "verificou que na raiz da vinca havia uma atividade medicinal interessante que detinha uma molécula chamada serpentina - outro alcaloide - que inibe a degradação de um neurotransmissor e que portanto poderá ajudar no tratamento da doença de Alzheimer".

"Há agora um período de investigação para que a molécula possa ser utilizada como um fármaco eficaz", explicou a cientista, acrescentando que "aparentemente, parece ter um atividade mais potente do que os fármacos utilizados atualmente".

Segundo um comunicado da Universidade do Porto sobre o assunto, "até agora, já se conhecia o potencial da Vinca (Catharanthus roseus, originária de Madagáscar) na terapia de algumas formas de cancro".

“São necessárias toneladas de partes aéreas da planta para se obterem alguns miligramas de substâncias úteis, o que transforma o cultivo, bem como as substâncias obtidas, num processo complexo e com elevados custos associados", acrescenta o texto.

O documento realça ainda que “a perspetiva apresentada pelo grupo de investigadores segue uma abordagem profundamente diferente e em vez de se limitar às partes aéreas (caule e flores), a equipa procurou aproveitar todo o potencial medicinal da planta, olhando para outros produtos passíveis de serem extraídos", como é o caso da raiz.

Acrescenta ainda que "os autores destacam, em particular, a serpentina, que possui uma enorme afinidade e seletividade para um dos principais alvos no tratamento da Doença de Alzheimer".

"No futuro, espera-se que o seu aproveitamento possa vir a revelar-se útil no tratamento farmacológico desta doença e de outras afeções como a 'miastenia gravis'", conclui.


terça-feira, 2 de março de 2010

segunda-feira, 1 de março de 2010

Poesia gráfica

dreaming out loud



http://www.graphicpoetry.net/

w.c. pelon











A life in the trees is a longer one

By Ed Yong

(via @Not Exactly Rocket Science @ScienceBlogs)

In The Descent of Man, Darwin talked about the benefits of life among the treetops, citing the "power of quickly climbing trees, so as to escape from enemies". Around 140 years later, these benefits have been confirmed by Milena Shattuck and Scott Williams from the University of Illinois.

By looking at 776 species of mammals, they have found that on average, tree-dwellers live longer than their similarly sized land-lubbing counterparts. Animals that spend only part of their time in trees have lifespans that either lie somewhere between the two extremes or cluster at one end. The pattern holds even when you focus on one group of mammals - the squirrels. At a given body size, squirrels that scamper across branches, like the familiar greys, tend to live longer than those that burrow underground, like prairie dogs.

These results are a good fit for what we already know about the lives of fliers and gliders. If living in the trees delays the arrival of death, taking to the air should really allow lifespans to really take flight. And so it does. Flight gives bats and birds an effective way of escaping danger, and they have notably longer lives than other warm-blooded animals of the same size. Even gliding mammals too tend to live longer than their grounded peers.

Mass_trees.jpg

These trends make sense when you think about ageing in the light of evolution. Imagine a creature that never ages, say, a Tolkienesque elf. Even this potential immortal could succumb to a predator or a disease or an accident. The more time passes, the greater the odds that one of these external calamities will claim its otherwise never-ending life. This creature will therefore have a "statistical lifespan", an age by which it will probably have been killed.

Now think about the genes of this hypothetical immortal. A mutated gene that harms the creature early on in life, when it's still having sex and bearing young, has little chance of being passed onto the next generation. Such mutations will be weeded out by natural selection. However, mutations that harm individuals after their statistical lifespan are a different story because their carriers will probably have been killed before they experience any ill effects. Accumulating under the radar of natural selection, these late-acting genes are the ones that contribute to ageing.

There are many evolutionary explanations of ageing but almost all share this basic concept. And note that a central part of this concept is the threat of dying from predators, diseases and so on. If such threats are minimised, then an animal's statistical lifespan increases, more late-acting genes are exposed to natural selection and more will be weeded out. Based on this theory, you'd expect that species that can escape external threats, whether by flying off or by hiding in the branches of trees, can evolve to age more slowly and live longer. And that, of course, is exactly what Shattuck and Williams have found.

In fact, they showed that the link between long life and a treetop existence holds true for all but two groups of mammals. The first are the marsupials, including kangaroos, koalas and wombats, and the second are the euarchontans, a group that includes treeshrews, flying lemurs and primates, like monkeys, apes and ourselves. At first, this seems odd, for some scientists had thought that a life in the trees could actually explain why primates have such relatively long lives. But to Shattuck and Williams, these are the exceptions that prove the rule.

Both marsupials and euarchontans have experienced a long and persistent evolutionary history in the treetops. For other mammal groups, the occasional member may have evolved to negotiate trunks and branches, but Shattuck and Williams say that the marsupials and euarchontans started off in the trees. Their members have repeatedly descended back to the ground. For the euarchontans in particular, this long tree-based history may have meant that all primates are long-lived for their size.

Of course, if the species that returned to terra firma faced a greater threat from predators, evolutionary theory would predict that their lifespans would eventually contract. But ground-living primates have other defences. They're typically large and they live in big social groups (larger ones that tree-dwelling primates). These qualities may have provided them with the protection they needed to retain the relatively long lives that first evolved in the branches. For the moment, this is just a hypothesis, and it will need to be tested further.

Reference: Shattuck, M., & Williams, S. (2010). Arboreality has allowed for the evolution of increased longevity in mammals Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911439107

Ed_Yong.jpgEd Yong is an award-winning British science writer.

This entry was posted originally on Not Exactly Rocket Science on ScienceBlogs. National Geographic and ScienceBlogs have formed a partnership.